This report dives into Microsoft’s Majorana qubit initiative—one of the leading efforts in topological quantum computing—by unpacking the physics of Majorana zero-modes, the design of Microsoft’s topological qubit architecture, and the materials and nanofabrication breakthroughs enabling fault-tolerant operations. It reviews key milestones—from theory and device prototypes to surface-code implementations—and assesses technical hurdles (stability, error-correction overheads, coherence times) alongside strategic partnerships with academic and industry labs. The analysis also maps the competitive landscape, explores potential applications in cryptography and materials discovery, and closes with recommendations on R&D focus, collaboration models, and regulatory engagement to accelerate the path to a scalable topological quantum processor.